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INTRODUCTION

Continuing with the text of analysis of phase change , framed in a series of texts to explain the phenomenology of water that is heated inside a casserole.

When

the ice thaws, the water molecules leave your well of 3 bridges of hydrogen and become a viscous state where they continue moving through the interior of the wells created other water molecules that make up the fluid. At a temperature of 25 º C in the water the water molecules have an average speed of 450 m / s, if the molecules do not experience any attraction between them and considering other simplifications, would move in a random walk , so that each second half would have been 21 meters distant from the starting point, this would be the rate of diffusion. Be surprising if this magnitude of displacement can be inside a container in apparent calm. However, there is a high probability of occurring molecules bound states where the molecules oscillate around a center of mass moving at a speed less than the average speed, so that the diffusion rate is actually lower at 21 meters per second at 25 ° C. This is linked to the fact that water is a viscous fluid.

One way to find experimentally the rate of diffusion of the molecules themselves inside the liquid, it would introduce a drop of water where the oxygen has a different ratio and isotope known. Then take samples at different distances and times and measure the concentration of oxygen isotopes.

CASSEROLE WITH WATER

Suppose we have water inside a pot, the pot is in contact with a source of heat such as a ceramic cooker. Between the ceramic and the fluid temperature gradient exists that conducts heat from the resistance to red ceramic surface in contact with water. Water from a temperature of 10 º C.

atoms from the bottom of the pan are vibrating vigorously, viscous water atoms that collide with the atoms experience an average increase in speed. This implies that for an imaginary border near the bottom of the pot in one hand pressure becomes greater than the pressure on the other hand, leading to an expansion of the fluid that is inside this boundary and therefore a decrease in their density. This phenomenon of local expansion would not occur if the rate of heat transfer was infinite, infinite if the entire volume of water would expand at a time.

THE CONVECTION

Since it is an imaginary border with less dense water, which retains the heat within it somehow, by Archimedes' principle this boundary imagination would have drawn an upward force pilot. But this can not happen in an environment where the temperature and density of uniformly distributed with height, since there would be no privileged place through which cold water enters through the top hot water to settle to the bottom. If this were the case, hot water volume increase until the molecules were so dispersed as to balance the pressure from the water cooler and more compact than above it. It could be for example, a column of water vapor bearing on cooled layers.

The rise of the warmer water volume is shaped by the existence of fluctuations and imperfections in the temperature of the horizontal sections of the liquid, producing the isothermal surfaces progressively bulge upward , ultimately leading to the existence of columns for which the hot fluid rises to the top. Causing the phenomenon of convection.

in irregular pressure P1 is less than P2, therefore, the fluid moves from P2 to P as a water balloon with the open, convex on the irregularity of an increasingly faster. Creating a positive feedback. This creates a flow of water through its inertia in the fluid that tends to maintain the existence of the same column of ascent in the convective flow, which will tend to be maintained even if it moves in the horizontal and could be split, merged with others or disappear under the circumstances.

New

convective columns appear distorted when the surface was strong enough to grow counteracting the effect of emptying that occurs in the area.

analyzing each of the horizontal sections gives a great track convective hot water rises and cold, dense water descends.

Interestingly, if there a liquid at higher temperatures, the volume drops, then there would be no convection currents when the liquid was heated from below. Yes there would be if the liquid was heated from above in a reverse convection. In any case of lateral heat convection exist with varying density.